Group P3 Research Articles

Antibiotic residues in pasteurised and Raw Cow’s milk in Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate antibiotic residues such as oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and levofloxacin, in both pasteurised and raw cow’s milk. A method using high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated following International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for simultaneous detection and quantification of these residues. The technique demonstrated linearity, with r2 values ranging from 0.999 to 1.00 within the 1.3–15.0 μg ml−1 range for each antibiotic. Thirty cow’s milk samples, raw and pasteurised, from Dhaka’s local markets were analysed, revealing the presence of enrofloxacin and levofloxacin, while oxytetracycline was absent in all samples. Notably, pasteurised milk samples contained enrofloxacin, levofloxacin and oxytetracycline, with groups P6 and P7 exceeding the Maximum Residue Limit for enrofloxacin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (121 µg l−1). This study emphasises antibiotic residues in milk, with a validated method holding promise for routine analysis in industries requiring simultaneous quantitation of multiple antibiotics.

Administration of ethanol extract of galangal (Alpinia Galanga) on histopathology of male mouse (Mus musculus) lungs exposed to lead acetate

Objective: This research aims to assess the preventive effect of ethanol extract of red galangal (Alpinia Galanga) on type I pneumocyte cell necrosis and proliferation of type II pulmonary pneumocytes in male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate-induced damage. Method: A total of 25 male mice aged 2.5-3 months and weighing 25-30 g were divided into five groups. The negative control group (K-) received oral water without lead acetate exposure, while the positive control group (K+) received 20 mg/kg BW of lead acetate. The treatment groups P1, P2, and P3 were exposed to lead acetate at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW/day and received red galangal extract at doses of 200 mg/kg BW, 400 mg/kg BW, and 800 mg/kg BW, respectively. All treatment groups were administered lead and ethanol extract of galangal orally from days 4 to 24 at a rate of 0.2 ml/head. Results: The Mann-Whitney U statistical test revealed a significant increase in type I pneumocyte cell necrosis and type II pneumocyte cell proliferation in the lungs of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate (p<0.05). Administration of ethanol extract of galangal after exposure to lead acetate significantly reduced type I pneumocyte cell necrosis and type II pneumocyte cell proliferation (p<0.05). The highest dose of galangal ethanol extract, 800 mg/kg BW, showed a significant decrease in type II pneumocyte cell proliferation (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study concludes that red galangal extract has a preventive effect in reducing the damage to type I and type II pneumocytes in the lungs of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate.

THE EFFECT OF LEMON SKIN EXTRACT ON URIC ACID LEVELS OF HYPERURICEMIA MALE WISTAR RATS

Background: Uric acid is a metabolic process produced by each individual through the breakdown of purines carried out in the liver. Increased level of uric acid in blood is called hyperuricemia, which might cause gout if it is not treated properly. Lemon (Citrus Limon.) contains flavonoids which act as antioxidants and have the potential as antihyperuricemia Aim: This paper aimed to study the effect of lemon seed extract on uric acid levels Methods: Thirty-six male wistar rats from Farmhouse Ungaran were randomly divided into 6 groups, consists of healthy control group, hyperuricemic control, Allopurinol control, and treatment groups (3 groups). Hyperuricemia was induced by the administration of block broth and potassium oxonate for 4 weeks. Lemon seed extract doses of 17,5, 35, and 70 mg/kg BW, and Allopurinol 90 mg/kg BW was given orally for 2 weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate differences among groups before and after the intervention. Results: There was a significant difference (p<0,05) in uric acid levels before and after intervention of lemon peel extract in groups K1, K2, and P3. Meanwhile, in groups K0, P1, and P2, there were no significant differences. In the pre-test uric acid levels, there was a significant difference (p<0,05) between the K0 group and K1, K2, P1, P2, and P3. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in the uric level acid of the treatment and control group after intervention, but there were significant differences in the effects of graded doses between the treatment groups.

Effect of Paraquat toxicity on lung and kidney organs on histopathological image assessment

Background: Paraquat is one of the active ingredients of the gramoxone type herbicide, which has very high toxicity so that it can cause poisoning and death. Paraquat causes direct cell damage by producing free radicals, which can cause pulmonary fibrosis and kidney failure. This study aims to analyze the effects of paraquat toxicity on the lungs and kidneys on histopathological features. Methods: This research is an experimental research post-test only control group design. The research subjects used stored biological material in the form of 12 lung and kidney organ samples from white rats (Rattus norvegicus) that had been treated in previous research, which were divided into 2 groups, namely the negative control group (P1, given distilled water), the positive control group (P2; given paraquat 0.01 gr/kgBW [single dose intraperitoneal]). All samples of stored biological material were made for lung and kidney preparations. The lung condition was assessed using the American Thoracic Society criteria, and the kidneys were evaluated using the Mitchell criteria with the help of the ImageJ application. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in lung damage scores between groups with a p-value of 0.01 (p <0.005). The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test of the kidneys showed substantial differences in glomerular and proximal tubular damage scores between groups with p values ​​of 0.004 and 0.009 (p <0.005). The results of the Mann-Whitney test also showed significant differences between groups P1 and P2 with a lung p value = 0.008 (p> 0.005) and kidney p = 0.009 (p > 0.005). Conclusion: In this study, it can be concluded that induction of paraquat 0.01 gr/kgBW causes changes in the histopathological appearance of the lungs and kidneys of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the form of lung and kidney damage as assessed by histopathological scores.

Formulation and Test of Burns Healing Effects of Preparations Cream Extract Leaf Nangka Kuning (Vincetoxicum villosum (Blume) Kuntze)

V. villosum (Blume) Kuntze shows inhibition of the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is usually the cause of infection in burn wounds. The aim of this research was to formulate V. villosum (Blume) Kuntze leaf extract into a cream preparation and determine the time needed for V. villosum (Blume) Kuntze leaf extract cream to heal burn wounds in rabbits. This research was a type of experimental research. The research was conducted at the University of Bengkulu Laboratory in September 2022-August 2023. The equipment used was the Ohaus Starter 3100 brand pH meter and the NDJ-8S viscometer. The materials used are V. villosum (Blume) Kuntze leaf extract, mice, ethanol solvent. Oil-in-water (O/W) phase cream formulation with 3 variations of stearic acid and triethonolamine emulsifiers (15:4), (16:3) and (17:2). Then the three formulas were evaluated for their preparations which included organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, adhesion tests, spreadability tests, viscosity tests and descriptive stability tests. The activity test against burn wound infections used rabbits consisting of groups K1 (without treatment), K2 (given 0.2% hyaluronic acid cream), P1 (given 2% V. villosum (Blume) Kuntze leaf extract), and P2 (given 2% V. villosum (Blume) Kuntze leaf extract cream). Groups K2, P1 and P2 showed perfect wound healing on day 12. Meanwhile group K1 experienced incomplete wound healing until day 14. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the cream formulations I, II and III were declared stable at a temperature of 25º and the extract cream Kuntze V. villosum (Blume) Kuntze leaves showed complete wound healing in 12 days. The results of the Kruskal Wallis test obtained p value = 0.670 > 0.05, which means there is no difference in the length of the healing process for all treatments.

КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ДИНАМИКА АРТЕРИАЛЬНОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ У ДЕТЕЙ В ВОЗРАСТЕ 6 МЕСЯЦЕВ, РОЖДЕННЫХ В СРОКЕ СВЕРХРАННИХ ПРЕЖДЕВРЕМЕННОГО РОДОВ.

Children born at the time of early preterm labor (SPR) are a group with a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, which can occur throughout their lives. Currently, the issues of diagnosis of high blood pressure in this category of children are relevant. Our aim of the study is to identify the clinical features and features of changes in the dynamics of blood pressure in children aged 6 months born at the time of early preterm labor. At 6 months of age, children born at the time of early preterm labor have low indicators of physical development, manifestations of vegetative-vascular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, high blood pressure. High normal blood pressure was registered in 16.7% of subgroup 1 and 29.2% of subgroup 2, 13.6% in children of the comparison group (p1-2=0.001; p1-3=0.001; p2-3=0.004). Arterial hypertension was diagnosed only in the main group: 41.7% of children of subgroup 1, and 29.2% in subgroup 2 (p1-2=0.001; p1-3=0.001; p2-3=0.004). The results of laboratory data showed a statistically significant increase in the level of renin and angiotensin II in venous blood in children of the main group than in children of the comparison group. The highest levels of renin and angiotensin II were found in children weighing 500-750g. Children born in the period of early preterm labor require monthly monitoring of blood pressure levels and the development of individual dynamic monitoring programs.

Two trinuclear cluster metal–organic frameworks: syntheses, structures, highly fluorescent sensing and magnetic properties

Two new metal–organic frameworks [Zn3(TCPB)2(H2O)2]·3DMF·2H2O (1) and [Mn1.5(TCPB)(DMF)(H2O)]·DMF(2)(H3TCPB = 1,3,5-tri(4-carboxyphenoxy)benzene), have been successfully constructed by solvothermal methods and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, IR spectra, Raman spectra, 1H NMR spectra, powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that complex 1 crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3¯ 1c and possesses a 2D network, whereas complex 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯ and also possesses a 2D network. TOPOS analyses reveal that both complexes 1 and 2 have a (3,6)-connected network topology with the Schläfli symbol of (43·612) (43)2 for 1 and {43}2{46·66·83} for 2. Notably, further investigation indicates that complex 1 can be employed as a bi-functional fluorescent sensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of ferric ions (Fe3+) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), with the detection limit of 0.11 μM for Fe3+ and 0.14 μM for TNP. Furthermore, the possible fluorescence quenching mechanisms are explained as: (a) photo-induced electron transfer (PET) caused by the HOMO-LUMO energy gap through DFT and (b) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Besides, the magnetic property measurement indicated that complex 2 shows antiferromagnetic interactions between trinuclear {Mn3(COO)6} SBUs.

Effects of pressure-controlled ventilation targeting end-inspiratory flow rate on pulmonary complications and inflammation levels in patients undergoing spinal surgery in the prone position: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundThis study assessed the impact of pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) focusing on end-inspiratory flow rate on the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) and inflammation levels in patients undergoing spinal surgery in the prone position.MethodsA total of 187 patients who underwent posterior spinal surgery were enrolled and randomly divided into 3 groups: 61 in the volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) group (group V), 62 in the PCV-volume-guaranteed (VG) group (group P1), and 64 in the PCV-VG end-expiratory zero flow rate group (group P2). Indicators including tidal volume (VT), peak airway pressure (Ppeak), and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were recorded. The Ppeak, Cdyn, PETCO2, and oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) after intubation (T0), after prone position (T1), 60 min after prone position (T2), and after supine position at the end of surgery (T3) of the three groups were collected.ResultsIn the within-group comparison, compared with T0, Ppeak increased at T1 − 2 in groups V and P1 (P < 0.01), whereas it decreased at T1 − 3 in group P2 (P < 0.01). Cdyn decreased at T1 − 2 and PaO2/FiO2 increased at T1 − 3 in all three groups (P < 0.01), and PaO2/FiO2 increased at T1 − 3 (P < 0.01). Compared with group V, Ppeak decreased at T0 − 3 in group P1 (P < 0.01) and at T1 − 3 in group P2 (P < 0.01), while Cdyn increased at T0 − 3 in groups P1 and P2 (P < 0.01). Compared with group P1, Ppeak was elevated at T0 (P < 0.01) and decreased at T1 − 3 (P < 0.05), and Cdyn was elevated at T0 − 3 in group P2 (P < 0.01). The total incidence of PPCs in group P2 was lower than that in group V (P < 0.01). Compared with the preoperative period, serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were increased at 24 and 72 h after surgery in group V (P < 0.01), whereas that was increased at 24 h after surgery in group P1 and group P2 (P < 0.01). Compared with group V, serum IL-6 and CRP levels were reduced at 24 h after surgery in groups P1 and P2 (P < 0.01 or < 0.05).ConclusionIn patients undergoing spinal surgery in the prone position, PCV-VG targeting an end-inspiratory zero flow rate lowers the incidence of PPCs and inflammation levels.

Strategic design of a rare trigonal symmetric luminescent covalent organic framework by linker modification

We designed a trigonal symmetric imine-linked covalent organic framework (COF), TFPC-DAB, with control over the angularity of the building units, where a bent C2-symmetric diamine, such as 1,3-diaminobenzene (1,3-DAB or DAB), with an exo-angle of 120° was used instead of those with an exo-angle of 180°, in combination with a C3-symmetric trialdehyde, such as tri(4-formylphenoxy)cyanurate (TFPC). Its synthesis was accomplished by reacting the building units in a mixture of mesitylene/dioxane/6 M acetic acid under solvothermal conditions. The phase purity, thermal stability, and porosity of TFPC-DAB were established by various analytical techniques. Utilizing the Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB+) simulation and Pawley refinement, the best fit of the small angle x-ray pattern was found to have an AA stacking of TFPC-DAB in the trigonal space group P3 with low refinement parameters. Such smart materials are in huge demand to detect hazardous corrosive chemicals, such as HCl and NH3. The dual features of electron deficient π-acidic triazine moiety and heteroatoms (N/O) from TFPC and electron rich phenyl units from DAB embodied in the framework enhance its luminescent property and thereby make it suitable for solvent-based HCl and NH3 sensing. The detection limits for HCl and NH3 in methanol were found to be 14 and 82 ppb, respectively. The effect of solvent polarity on the sensing studies was observed with much lower detection limits in dioxane: 2.5 and 11 ppb for HCl and NH3, respectively. A detailed theoretical calculation using density functional theory and configurational bias Monte Carlo modules was conducted for understanding interactions between the COF and HCl or NH3 analytes.

The effects of mercury chloride (HgCl2) administration with different intervals on kidney damage in mice (Mus Musculus)

Introduction: Inorganic mercury could cause acute toxicity and absorbed through the digestive system and distributed throughout all tissues of the body, with a significant portion accumulating in kidneys and gallbladder. Objective: This study aims to investigate the influence of mercury chloride (HgCl2) administration at doses contained in rice clams (Corbula faba) from the Kenjeran coast in Surabaya, Indonesia, with varying administration intervals on kidney damage in mice. In this research, 24 male CBR strain mice, aged three months, were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of six replicates. The groups included Control P0 (without mercury), Group P1 (mercury administration once a day), Group P2 (mercury administration twice a day), and Group P3 (mercury administration three times a day). Mercury administration was carried out orally for 52 days. Data analysis was conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, followed by a Z-test with a significance level of 5%. Results: Mercury chloride (HgCl2) administration at a dose of 0.6418 ppm with varying administration intervals resulted in kidney damage characterized by interstitial hemorrhage, degeneration of proximal convoluted tubules, degeneration of distal convoluted tubules, and glomerulonephritis. Administration of mercury three times a day (P3) led to the highest kidney damage, which was not significantly different from the group receiving mercury twice a day (P2), while daily administration of mercury (P1) did not significantly differ from the control group (P0). Conclusion: It can be concluded that administration of HgCl2 could increase decrease kidney damage (p&lt;0.05) and administration of mercury three times a day led to the highest kidney damage.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Cinnamomum burmanni Bark Extract on Leucocyte Differentiation of Mice (Mus musculus) In Diabetes Mellitus Model

Diabetes mellitus frequently coexists with infection, leading to an immunological response characterised by an elevation in leukocyte levels. This research aimed to assess the immunomodulatory activity of an extract derived from the bark of Cinnamomum burmanni on the differentiation of leukocytes in a diabetes mellitus model using mice (Mus musculus). Prior to the administration of therapy, the glucose levels of all mice were assessed. Subsequently, groups K (+), P1, P2, and P3 were administered STZ at 0.2 ml per individual. The blood glucose levels (post-STZ blood glucose) were checked once more on the seventh day. In the event of a rise in blood glucose levels over (&gt;200 mg/dL), subjects belonging to groups P1, P2, and P3 were administered Cinnamomum burmanii extract under the prescribed dosage. The intervention was administered for 14 days, and blood glucose levels were assessed on the final day of experimentation. On the final day of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the mice's tails in order to prepare blood preparations. The findings indicate that the methanol extract derived from cinnamon bark possesses immunomodulatory properties, as evidenced by its ability to decrease the population of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes while concurrently increasing the amount of neutrophils.

Administration of Arabika Coffee Leaf Extract (Coffea Arabica) Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Sunburn Cell Levels in Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to Ultraviolet-B Rays

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has acute and chronic impacts on the skin. However, UVB exposure can be prevented with available natural ingredients, especially those containing antioxidants. One of the natural ingredients that contains active compounds as antioxidants is arabica coffee leaves, which contain flavonoids that have antioxidant effects. Methods: This study was an experimental research with a post-test-only control group design, using 30 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into 5 groups; the control group (P0), treatment group 1 (P1) were given placebo, while group 2 (P2), group 3 (P3) and group 4 (P4) was given UVB rays and given ethanol extract cream from Arabica coffee leaves at a dose of 2,5%, 5%, and 10% respectively. Results: The average TNF- α levels in group P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 were 97,88±1,19 ng/mL, 162,41±1,87 ng/mL, 138,04±1,03 g/mL, 124,71±2,65 ng/mL and 107,18±1,52 ng/mL. The average sunburn cells in P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4 were 4,0±0,13, 4,07±0,27, 2,60±0,25, 1,67±0,15 and 1,33±0,12 per field view. The administration of 10% Arabica coffee leaf extract cream was the most effective in reducing TNF-α levels by 34.01% (p&lt;0.001) and has the lowest sunburn cells per field view (1,33±0,12 cell/field view; p &lt; 0,001). Conclusion: Administration of ethanol extract cream from Arabica coffee leaves (Coffea arabica) can reduce TNF-α levels and the number of sunburn cells in the skin of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to UVB radiation.

Effectiveness of green betel leaf extract cream in healing cut wounds

Green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is widely used in the healing of cut wounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of green betel leaf extract cream in the healing of cut wounds on the skin of white Wistar rats. The design employed was a pre-test post-test with a control group design and a sample size of 20 white rats divided into four groups. Betel leaf extract was prepared using the maceration method, while a cream preparation of betel leaf extract was prepared using the oil-in-water emulsion type (M/A). Macroscopic histopathological evaluation was performed by examining fibroblast growth. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p &lt; 0.05) was used to determine the difference between groups, and a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was used to analyze which treatment group had the greatest efficacy. Technical terms were explained upon first use, and the language used was clear, objective, and value-neutral to improve academic quality. The text was free from grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and unnecessary jargon. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (p &lt; 0.05) was used to determine the difference between groups, and a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was used to analyze which treatment group had the greatest efficacy. The study revealed a substantial difference in the average wound healing rates between the control group (P0) and treatment groups P1, P2, and P3. This is due to the lack of active substances in the control group (P0), which aids in accelerating the wound healing process. Notably, the 15% green betel leaf extract cream demonstrated superior efficacy in healing wounds in white rats compared to the 10% and 25% green betel leaf extract creams. The results indicated no significant difference between the application of 15% and 25% green betel leaf extract cream. This is due to the fact that secondary metabolite compounds present in the extract produce a healing effect on wounds at these particular levels. However, lower concentrations only act as microorganism inhibitors, rendering them less effective for promoting wound healing.

Exploring the Structure and Properties of VwSeyTe2−y Mixed Crystals in the VTe2–VSe2 System

Vanadium (IV) chalcogenide materials are of increasing interest for use in catalysis and energy conversion-related applications. Since no ternary compounds are yet known in the V–Se–Te system, we studied ternary VwSeyTe2−y (w = 1.10, 1.13; y = 0.42, 0.72) phases crystallizing in space group P3¯m1 (no. 164). Two single-crystal specimens with differing compositions of a solid solution were obtained using the ceramic method. All products were characterized by either single-crystal or powder X-ray diffraction. The lattice parameters increase with rising tellurium content in accordance with the larger ionic radius of the tellurium anion compared to selenium. The chemical compositions were confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, magnetic measurements mostly revealed antiferromagnetic properties. Simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analyses in a nitrogen atmosphere showed endothermic decomposition accompanied by the formation of VN. The decomposition of VSe and VTe was observed in an argon atmosphere. The results of this work can serve as a basis for the synthesis of new phases in the V–Se–Te and related vanadium chalcogenide systems.

Effectiveness of red betel leaf extract cream for healing burn wounds

Burns are a frequent type of wound that can cause complications, infection and bleeding. The use of plants and natural materials as wound-healing remedies has been known for a considerable period, although more scientific proof is required. The objective of this investigation is to examine the efficacy of red betel leaf extract ointment in curing burns on the backs of white wistar rats. The study used a pre-test post-test design with a control group. Twenty white rat samples were employed. The samples were split into four groups, consisting of five rats each. Betel leaf extract was prepared through maceration, whilst betel leaf extract cream was made using the oil-in-water emulsion method (M/A). A histopathology test was carried out to observe growth of fibroblast cells. Rat skin biopsy was taken from a 2 x 2 cm area, and data normality was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test (p &gt; 0.05). The One-way Anova test (p &lt; 0.05) was used to assess the differences between the groups. To determine the most effective treatment group, a post hoc test using LSD technique was performed. The findings showed that the average percentage of burn wound healing in the control group (P0) compared to groups P1, P2, and P3 was very different.  The analysis reveals that the application of 15% betel leaf extract cream proves to be superior in treating burns in white mice in contrast to 7.5% and 10% betel leaf extract cream. At a 15% concentration, secondary metabolite compounds found in betel leaf extract are already effective in treating wounds. However, at lower concentrations they only inhibit microorganisms, making them less effective in promoting wound healing.

Differences in diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubules of male wistar rats (rattus norvegicus) after being exposed to e-cigarette smoke and conventional cigarettes

Background: Electric cigarettes and conventional cigarettes have a detrimental effect on their users. Cigarettes contain ingredients that reduce the quality of male reproduction. Purpose: To determine the differences in diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubules of male Wistar rats (rattus norvegicus) exposed to electric cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes. Method: This research is a true experimental research in the laboratory using a post test-only control group design. The treatment group consisted of group K- as the negative control group, group K+ which was included in  the smoking chamber but not exposed to cigarette smoke, group P1 which was included in the smoking chamber  and exposed to electric cigarette smoke, group P2 which was included in the smoking chamber and exposed to  conventional cigarette smoke. The treatment was carried out for 30 days and then testicular samples were taken to calculate diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubules. Data were analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics and One Way ANOVA and Kruskall Wall is tests. Results: There was a decrease in the diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubules in the treatment group which was significantly different from the control group. The results of the LSD post hoc test for differences in seminiferous tubule diameter between groups P1 and P2 were p=0.72 &gt; 0.05. The results of the Mann Whitney test showed that the difference in seminiferous tubule thickness between groups P1 and P2 was p=0.06 &gt; 0.05.Conclusion: Exposure to electric and conventional cigarettes caused changes in the diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubules from normal conditions. There was no significant difference in the impact of exposure to electric and conventional cigarettes, maybe because the damage they produced was not different.

Duodenum Histomorphology of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulan Isolate in Laying Hen Strain Isa Brown

Probiotics are live microbes that are used as supplementary feed that work to increase the good bacteria that live in the digestive tract by suppressing pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine so that good bacteria can grow can optimize the feed absorption process. This study aims to determine the effect of adding probiotics as feed additive Against the height and width of the duodenal villi of the laying chicken in early production. Probiotics can nourish the digestive tract and increase nutrient digestibility so that nutrient intake is met for livestock. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans as a prophylaxis against bacterial diseases by balancing intestinal microbes, increasing digestibility, and secreting protease, lipase, and amylase enzymes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of probiotics Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans on duodenal histomorphology. Twenty-four layers were randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group was not given probiotics, groups P1, P2, and P3 were given probiotics of 2 ml, 4 ml, and 6 ml. Probiotics were given for 14 days. One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in each group (P&lt;0.05) and continued with the DUNCAN test. The average length and width of the duodenal villi in each treatment showed that the control group was significantly different from the P1, P2, and P3 groups. The P3 group had the highest average length of duodenal villi. The increase in villi height and villi width is due to the increase in short-chain fatty acids induced by probiotics. An increase in the height and width of villi indicates the absorption capacity of the small intestine, the work of digestive enzymes on the intestinal mucosa is more maximal in the intestine with a wider morphological size, so that absorption and growth are better. The conclusion from the research that has been done is that the use of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans as probiotics has an effect on the layer duodenal villi which is characterized by an increase in the average length of the duodenal villi according to the increase in the probiotic dose.

Phase-dependent microstructure modification leads to high thermoelectric performance in n-type layered SnSe2

Microstructure control is crucial for thermoelectrics since it is intimately related to the scattering mechanism of both electrons and phonons. Herein, we propose a new strategy to modify microstructure by phase regulation that simultaneously induces high carrier mobility and low lattice thermal conductivity. As demonstrated in layered SnSe2, the addition of Cu can induce a phase transition from space group P3¯m1 to P63mc. Due to the enlarged formation energy of stacking faults in the later phase, the stacking fault density is greatly reduced after heat treatment that leads to an increased grain size. Accordingly, the carrier mobility of SnSe1.97Br0.03–3 % Cu sample is enhanced by 100 % at room temperature. Furthermore, the reduction of stacking fault density is accompanied by the formation of pores in the matrix, which results in low lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, a record peak zT of 1.13 for SnSe2-based materials is achieved at 773 K, and the attained ZTave of 0.62 is a record-high value among n-type polycrystalline layered materials working in intermediate-to-high temperature region. This work provides a feasible strategy to decouple the electron and phonon transport in layered thermoelectric compounds by phase-dependent microstructure modification.

Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from the Haloalkaliphilic Bacterium Halomonas chromatireducens

Crystals of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase from the extremophilic bacterium Halomonas Chromatireducens AGD 8-3, suitable for X-ray diffraction, were grown by the vapor-diffusion method. The X-ray diffraction data were collected from these crystals at the Belok beamline of the Kurchatov synchrotron radiation source (National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”) at 100 K to 1.80 Å resolution. The X-ray diffraction data were processed in the space groups P1, P2, P21, and P622. The structure was solved by the molecular replacement method taking into account the twinning in the space groups P21 and P1 with one and two hexamers of the enzyme per asymmetric unit, respectively.

Kidney and Ileum Histopathology of Rattus norvegicus Toxicity Model of Rhodamine B and Saccharin Supplemented with Purple Roselle Yoghurt

Background: Rhodamin B and saccharin are chemicals that are harmful to the health of the body. Consumption of rhodamine B and saccharin for a long time can cause problems for the body such as impaired organ function. Purpose: The aim was to find out the benefits of giving purple rosella yogurt in preventing damage to the kidneys and ileum of Rattus norvegicus caused by rhodamine B and saccharin. Methods: Using RAL with 28 male Rattus novergicus aged 8-12 weeks. Group K(-) was not given any treatment, K(+R) was given rhodamine B, K(+S) was given saccharin, K(+K) was given rhodamine B and saccharin, P1 was given rhodamine B and yoghurt, P2 was given saccharin and yoghurt, P3 was given rhodamine B, saccharin, and yogurt. The dose of rhodamine B was 22.5 mg/kg, the dose of saccharin was 157.7 mg/kg, the volume of yoghurt was 1 ml/head. Administered orally with gastric tube for 14 days. The concentration of purple rosella extract used was 15% (v/v). Results: Group K(+K) showed the heaviest damage. Groups P1, P2, and P3 still found damage to the kidneys, in P1 they experienced thickening of Bowman's capsule in the glomerulus, in P2 they experienced a loss of more than 25% of the brush border in the tubules, and in P3 they experienced glomerular tufts in the glomerulus. In the ileum, P1 experienced thickening of the muscles, P2 experienced clusters of inflammatory cells in the submucosa, and P3 experienced 10-50% loss of goblet cells. Conclusion: Provision of purple rosella yogurt can prevent damage to the kidneys and ileum of Rattus novergicus due to rhodamine B and saccharin, although it is not optimal.